Fisheries Ministers Risk Breaking EU Law, Jeopardising Baltic Sea Recovery

CCB • October 28, 2025

EU Council decision on 2026 fishing limits fails to implement legally required safeguards, jeopardising the fragile marine ecosystem

Luxembourg, 28th of October 2025 - Environmental organisations across Europe (Baltic Salmon Fund, Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland, Coalition Clean Baltic, Danmarks Naturfredningsforening, Deutsche Umwelthilfe, FishSec, Oceana, Östersjölaxälvar i samverkan, Pasaules dabas fonds, Seas At Risk, WWF Baltic Sea Programme) express grave concern following today’s EU Fisheries and Agriculture Council of Ministers' (AGRIFISH) decision on Baltic Sea fishing opportunities for 2026, warning that the agreement fails to provide the precautionary approach necessary  to rebuild the Baltic Sea’s critically depleted fish populations and fragile marine ecosystem.


Despite clear scientific warnings[1] about the dire state of the Baltic Sea ecosystem, well-established legal frameworks to remedy the situation, as well as a good, precautionary and recovery-oriented proposal on fishing opportunities for 2026 from the European Commission, the Council set fishing limits that breach legal requirements[2] under both the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and the Baltic Sea Multiannual Plan (MAP), prioritising short-term economic interests over long-term ecosystem recovery.


"The evidence is clear: the Baltic Sea ecosystem is in severe distress, and current management approaches are not working," said Aimi Hamberg, Marine Policy Officer at Coalition Clean Baltic. "We need fishing limits set well below single-stock scientific advice to account for ecosystem interactions, data uncertainties, and the critical role these fish species play in the Baltic food web. Instead, the Council has yet again continued to push biological limits to their breaking point."


Breaking the law on herring stocks


Of particular concern are the decisions on pelagic forage fish populations—herring and sprat—which form the backbone of the Baltic Sea food web. The Council's Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for central Baltic herring and Gulf of Bothnia herring exceeds the levels required to comply with Article 4.6 of the Baltic Sea MAP, which mandates that fishing opportunities must be set to ensure a less than 5% chance of stocks falling below critical biomass levels (Blim).


The Council agreed to increase the central Baltic herring  quota by 15% compared to 2025 levels, despite the stock being in poor condition and barely above critical levels[3]. This decision violates the Baltic Sea MAP by creating an unacceptably high risk and exceeding the legal 5% probability limit of falling to critically low levels that could impair the population’s reproduction.[4]


For Gulf of Bothnia herring, while the Council reduced the quota by 41%, this reduction also falls far short of what is needed to comply with the law. The agreed TAC creates a much higher probability of the spawning stock falling below Blim, thereby directly violating legally binding safeguards designed to prevent irreversible damage to fish populations.


Sprat: Reckless 45% increase despite uncertain recruitment forecast


The Council's decision to increase the sprat  quota by 45% compared to 2025 is particularly alarming given the scientific uncertainties and the stock's decreasing trend. From 2021 to 2023, Baltic Sea sprat suffered some of the lowest recruitment rates ever recorded for the stock. While the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) advised catches based on a seemingly strong 2024 year class, this estimate relies on a single autumn survey in northeastern areas, making its contribution to overall sprat biomass highly uncertain.


The sprat decision is further complicated by ongoing issues with misreporting between sprat and herring, as well as mixing with degraded herring stocks in fisheries—factors that demand extra precaution rather than quota increases.


Cod: recovery remains elusive with a too high bycatch quota


ICES continues to advise zero catch for both eastern and western Baltic cod stocks, which remain below critical biomass limits despite years of severe catch restrictions. Despite the Commission’s proposal to reduce the bycatch quota on both stocks, the Council failed to acknowledge the severity of the situation or prioritise the recovery of these depleted top predators by maintaining the unacceptable high bycatch quota.


Maintaining a high by-catch quota for threatened species is not only against the scientific advice of zero catch, but it also does not incentivise the fishing industry to fish more selectively. 


Further restrictions on salmon fisheries are necessary


Baltic salmon populations  have suffered from poor survival during their feeding migration in the sea. This has led to a drastic decrease in the number of returning spawners in the rivers. It is impossible to predict the survival of salmon during their sea phase in advance, so the current status and development of salmon stocks are on very uncertain grounds.


The Council decided to decrease the main basin salmon TAC in line with the ICES advice by 27% and maintain the ban on commercial salmon fishing in the main basin of the Baltic Sea. In the Gulf of Finland, it was decided to increase the level by 1% compared to 2025 due to the stable or improving status of the Gulf of Finland wild salmon populations.


Joint commitment offers hope, but action is needed now


While the Council's decisions on Baltic Sea fishing opportunities are deeply disappointing, there is a glimmer of hope in the joint commitment issued by the European Commission and Baltic Sea Member States agreeing on the need to request ICES to provide specific scientific advice on fish stocks rebuilding trajectories. Although this commitment is not legally binding and falls short of the immediate action needed, environmental organisations hope it signals a turning point in efforts to rebuild the fragile fish populations of the Baltic Sea.


The full joint PR is available here.


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EXTRA NOTES TO EDITORS


● The Baltic Sea Multiannual Plan (Regulation EU 2016/1139) establishes legally binding rules for managing cod, herring, and sprat stocks in the Baltic Sea.

● Article 4.6 of the Baltic Sea MAP requires that fishing opportunities be set to ensure less than 5% probability of stocks falling below Blim.

● ICES has advised zero catch for western Baltic herring since 2019, for eastern Baltic cod since 2020, and for western Baltic cod since 2025.

● The Common Fisheries Policy (Regulation EU 1380/2013) requires that all fishing opportunities be set according to the precautionary approach (Article 2.2) and ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management (Article 2.3)

● Full NGO recommendations on Baltic Sea fishing opportunities for 2026 are available here


FOR MORE INFORMATION AND INTERVIEWS, PLEASE CONTACT:


● Aimi Hamberg, Marine Policy Officer, Coalition Clean Baltic (CCB), aimi.hamberg@ccb.se

● Arielle Sutherland-Sherriff, Policy Advisor, Oceana, asutherland@oceana.org

● Cathrine Pedersen Schirmer, Senior Fisheries Advisor, FishSec, Cathrine@fishsec.org

● Joonas Plaan, Member of the Management Board, sustainable fisheries expert, Estonian Fund for Nature, joonas.plaan@elfond.ee

● Justyna Zajchowska, Fisheries Lead, WWF Baltic Sea Programme, jzajchowska@wwf.pl

● Claudia Romero-Oliva, Policy Officer Marine Conservation, Deutsche Umwelthilfe e.V., romero@duh.de 

● Magda Jentgena, Baltic Sea and Freshwater Programme Manager, Pasaules dabas fonds, mjentgena@pdf.lv

● Morten Rosenvold Villadsen, Havpolitisk rådgiver, Danmarks Naturfredningsforening, Morten@dn.dk

● Rémi Cossetti, Marine Policy Officer, Seas At Risk, rcossetti@seas-at-risk.org

● Thomas Johansson, Chairman, Östersjölaxälvar i samverkan and Secretary General of the Baltic Salmon Fund, thomas@balticsalmonfund.com

● Valeska Diemel, Fisheries Policy Officer, Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (BUND), valeska.diemel@bund.net


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NOTES

[1] See for instance the HELCOM HOLAS assessment (HELCOM (2023): State of the Baltic Sea. Third HELCOM holistic assessment 2016-2021. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings n°194 or ICES (2024). Baltic Sea Ecoregion – Ecosystem Overview. ICES Advice: Ecosystem Overviews. Report. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.advice.27256635.v1

[2] Preamble 10 and Art. 2.2 of the CFP requires that sustainable exploitation of marine biological resources should be based on the precautionary approach. In addition, Art 4.6 of the Baltic Multiannual Plan mandates that fishing opportunities be set to ensure less than 5% probability of stocks falling below Blim.

[3] ICES assessment of central Baltic herring shows that this stock has a relative spawning-stock size below MSY Btrigger and below the precautionary limit Bpa, and only slightly higher than the critical limit reference point Blim, below which reproduction is likely to be impaired.

[4] An estimated catch of 103 073 t corresponds to 5% for p(SSB(2027)<Blim)=5% (ICES advice for central Baltic herring, Table 2). However, in order to account for Riga herring to be taken in SD 28.2 and central Baltic herring to be taken in the Gulf of Riga (SD 28.1), as well as for the Russian share, the catch should be below 89 827t.




 

Fishing & NGOs:Sustainable herring fishing in the Gulf of Bothnia is strengthened through better knowledge, long-term and ecosystem-based fisheries management, and protection of herring spawning areas

By CCB • May 28, 2026
28 May 2026 - Baltic Sea herring stocks and the herring fisheries have in recent years become a central point of contention in Baltic Sea fisheries policy. Member States' approaches to the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) recommendations for herring quotas have varied, and the public debate around herring is polarised. At the same time, dialogue between groups of fishers and other stakeholders in different countries has been limited, and not all actors have had a clear picture of each other's perspectives and needs. Within the framework of the Fisheries for the Future project, funded by Ålandsbanken’s Baltic Sea Project, Finnish and Swedish fishers, environmental organisations and researchers gathered last autumn to discuss the status of herring stocks and fishing in the Baltic Sea. Participants gained a better understanding of differences between countries and areas regarding stock status, fisheries management and research. The organisations that took part in the workshop all agree on the need for joint dialogue and wish for the cooperation to continue. “ The project combines research and practical understanding of the herring situation in the Baltic Sea. That makes the initiative particularly important, as the lessons learned can contribute to better decisions and more accurate measures going forward ," notes Crista Hietala, Head of Marketing and Communications at Ålandsbanken and the Baltic Sea Project. During the workshop, a shared understanding emerged of the complexity of the issue, where fishing is one factor but not the only cause of the state of the stocks. The need for a holistic approach was emphasised, in which environmental changes and factors affecting fisheries regulation are considered alongside fishing itself. " Herring stocks are affected by a range of interacting factors – from water quality and salinity to changes in food webs and climate change. At the same time, knowledge about how these factors interact remains limited, which contributes to increased uncertainty in management ," says Aimi Hamberg, Marine Policy Officer at Coalition Clean Baltic. More stable quotas increase predictability The predictability and economic sustainability of fishing can be improved by reducing annual variations in fishing quotas. Multi-annual and more stable quotas would facilitate the planning of fishing operations and better secure the herring's central role in the Baltic Sea ecosystem. The fishing and environmental organisations that participated in the workshop propose that EU member states ask the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) to investigate how the quota system can be developed in a more stable and long-term direction, while at the same time ensuring the recovery of sustainable herring stocks. More knowledge about herring spawning areas Workshop participants emphasise that a significantly better knowledge base is needed about herring spawning and nursery areas than what we have today. Updated information on the most important reproduction areas for herring is central to marine spatial planning, for example when siting offshore wind power and other uses of sea areas. Towards ecosystem-based stock assessments During the workshop, it was recommended that herring stock assessments should be based on an ecosystem perspective. ” We believe that stock assessments and advice on fishing quotas need to take greater account of changes in central ecosystem factors, such as predation by seals and cormorants. It is important to expand data collection in order to achieve this ," say representatives of Vi Svenska Fiskare (We Swedish Fishers). As a first step, workshop participants recommend that Finland and Sweden initiate a joint regional project in the Gulf of Bothnia, which can later be extended to other parts of the Baltic Sea. Management areas should be reviewed – dialogue on protected areas needs to continue The workshop highlighted the need to review the division of management areas in the Baltic Sea. Participants propose that the Bothnian Sea and the Bothnian Bay be separated as distinct regulatory areas. This is motivated by genetic differences between the stocks and the fish's migration patterns. In addition, participants consider it important to continue the dialogue on possible protected areas in the Bothnian Sea. Such areas could be introduced as time-limited pilot trials, whose effects are evaluated scientifically. The dialogue on protected areas in the Bothnian Sea has continued between the organisations at a meeting held in February. *** Related documents Read the press release in Swedish and in Finnish . Main outcomes of the workshop in Swedish and Finnish. *** Further information The Fisheries for the Future workshop was a collaborative project between the environmental organisation Coalition Clean Baltic (CCB) and WWF Finland, with funding from Ålandsbanken’s Baltic Sea Project. Among the represented fishing organisations were Suomen Ammattikalastajaliitto/Finlands Yrkesfiskarförbund (Finnish Professional Fishers' Association), Österbottens Fiskarförbund (Ostrobothnia Fishers' Association), Vi Svenska Fiskare (We Swedish Fishers), Kustfiskarna Bottenhavet (Bothnian Sea Coastal Fishers), Ålands fiskare (Åland Fishers) and Sportfiskarna (the Swedish Anglers' Association). Fisheries management was represented by the Government of Åland and the County Administrative Board of Stockholm. In addition, experts from the Natural Resources Institute Finland, the University of Turku and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences participated.

EU fisheries at a crossroads: NGOs warn against reform as Baltic collapse exposes failure to enforce existing rules

By CCB • April 30, 2026
Failure to implement EU fisheries law, not gaps in the policy itself, has pushed the Baltic Sea to the brink. Coalition Clean Baltic (CCB) urges immediate action to rebuild Baltic fish populations and restore ecosystems.