Short-sighted decision by EU fisheries ministers pushes Baltic Sea ecosystem closer to collapse

CCB • October 22, 2024

22 October 2024 - The Agriculture and Fisheries Council decided today on Baltic Sea fishing opportunities for 2025. In a move that has sparked great concern among marine organisations (1), EU fisheries ministers have yet again ignored the limits (2) of the ecosystem and exceeded scientific recommendations on some of the Baltic Total Allowable Catches (TACs). Despite clear evidence that Baltic Sea ecosystem is under severe stress (3), as well as legal obligations to restore fish populations to healthy levels under the Common Fisheries Policy (4) and the Baltic Multiannual Plan (5), a short-sighted agreement which prioritises interim political gains over long-term sustainability will put vulnerable stocks such as cod, herring and sprat at further risk.


Today's agreement is likely to contribute to further degradation of this fragile ecosystem and hasten biodiversity decline.


Ministers have increased the TAC for central Baltic herring by over 100%, basing this decision on an increase in the fish population caused mainly by reduced fishing pressure over the most recent years. However, scientific assessments indicate that the central Baltic herring population remains below a healthy level. Moreover, the scientific projections of the stock growth rely on uncertain data (6) and simplification of complex ecosystem processes, with new research showing that stock assessment estimates and recovery trajectories for overfished species tend to be overly optimistic (7). Central herring therefore urgently needs effective rebuilding measures which go beyond the agreed spawning closures.


Cathrine Pedersen Schirmer, Senior Policy Advisor for FishSec highlights:
“To rebuild the herring population, we urgently need more precautionary fishing limits, combined with other appropriate remedial measures. This is crucial not just for biodiversity, but also for the recovery of other species, such as cod and salmon, and ultimately for the Baltic fishing sector. Today's decision goes in the opposite direction.”


The TAC for sprat has been set at a lower level than last year; however, with the sprat population already in decline for years, more efforts were expected to preserve this fish population. Sprat and central Baltic herring are often caught together by large-scale industrial fisheries, and a lack of sufficient monitoring makes it difficult to accurately assess how much of each species is being caught. As a result, this sprat quota also directly impacts the struggling central herring population. Herring and sprat are a fundamental part of the Baltic Sea food web - they are a vital source of food for key predators such as cod, salmon, harbour porpoise and seabirds - and their continued overfishing will have cascading effects across the entire ecosystem. In addition, a great majority of these catches will not even be destined for human consumption but will instead be processed into fishmeal to feed salmon in aquaculture and pigs in land-based farming.


On a more positive note, NGOs welcome the decision to keep a low quota for plaice, as increasing this quota was likely to result in a higher bycatch of Baltic cod. However, to increase chances of cod recovery, additional management measures are needed, including trawl-free zones in essential cod habitats and the introduction of remote electronic monitoring (8).


Key fish species are already on the brink of collapse, with populations at historically low levels. Scientific experts from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) advised ministers to set zero TACs for critically depleted stocks (9) like eastern cod and western herring. EU ministers chose to disregard this advice, opting to keep by-catch quotas for western herring and both Baltic cod stocks.


Remi Cossetti, Marine Policy Officer at Seas At Risk, expresses deep concern over the agreed Baltic fishing opportunities:
”Despite the strong message sent recently by the European Parliament backing safeguards for declining species (10), fisheries ministers have once again set fishing quotas that overlook the essential needs of the Baltic Sea ecosystem (11). This irresponsible decision will exacerbate ecosystem decline and threaten the livelihoods of fishers and coastal communities. Such decision-making, which neglects our environmental responsibilities, is profoundly short-sighted in an era already marked by environmental crises.”


Justyna Zajchowska, Fisheries Lead at WWF Baltic Sea Programme, stresses:
“Today's decision on the Baltic Sea sprat catch limit is very disappointing. We had hoped that EU fisheries ministers would recognise the role that pelagic fish populations such as sprat play as prey for the many predatory species that inhabit the Baltic Sea, such as depleted cod stocks, and that they would therefore take prudent decisions. In the meantime, the fishing limit set for sprat is too high to recover the balance of the ecosystem while ensuring the long-term prosperity of fishers.”


Andrea Cervantes, Biodiversity Officer at Coalition Clean Baltic, underscores the disconnect between biodiversity goals and new quotas:
"While the EU arrived with big promises at the Convention on Biological Diversity at the COP16 happening right now, fisheries ministers are further pushing biodiversity outside their door to the brink of collapse. Despite the global agreement on biodiversity (12) reached in Montreal last year, which set targets for the sustainable use of biodiversity, current fisheries management continues to fail in translating these ambitions into effective actions. It is impossible to address biodiversity loss and the increasing pressures of climate change on Baltic Sea fish populations while simultaneously pushing the ecosystem’s resources to their limits. Applying a precautionary buffer is a climate and environmental responsibility that cannot be ignored when setting fishing quotas for 2025."


Isabel Seeger, Policy Advisor for Fisheries and Marine Conservation at Deutsche Umwelthilfe, warns for what the TACs mean for the Baltic Sea ecosystem and the fishing industry:
“By putting short-term economic interests first, EU fisheries ministers have once again taken risks in setting fishing quotas, doing both the ecosystem and the fisheries a disservice. The victims of this chronic mismanagement are the fishers, as many fish populations are now only a fraction of what they once were. The state of western herring and cod, the traditional key species of German Baltic Sea fisheries, remains catastrophic. Without fish, there is no fishing - but a rethink of fisheries management centering ecosystem health is not yet in sight.”


-END


CONTACTS
● Sara Tironi, Senior Communications Officer, Seas At Risk, stironi@seas-at-risk.org +32
483 457 483
● Cathrine Pedersen Schirmer, Senior Fisheries Policy Officer, FishSec, Cathrine@fishsec.org
● Isabel Seeger, Policy Advisor Fisheries and Marine Conservation, Deutsche Umwelthilfe, seeger@duh.de, +49 170 7057673
● Andrea Cervantes, Biodiversity Officer, Coalition Clean Baltic, andrea.cervantes@ccb.se
● Justyna Zajchowska, Fisheries Lead, WWF Baltic Sea Programme, jzajchowska@wwf.pl


NOTES TO EDITORS
(1) - Seas At Risk, FishSec, Coalition Clean Baltic, WWF Baltic Sea Programme, Deutsche
Umwelthilfe and Suomen Luonnonsuojeluliitto (Finnish Association for Nature Conservation).


(2) - EU Fisheries Ministers’ decision for 2025 Fishing opportunities: Baltic Sea: Council agrees on catch limits for 2025 - Consilium.


(3) - The Baltic Sea is not in a good environmental status. HELCOM (2023): State of the Baltic Sea. Third HELCOM holistic assessment 2016-2021. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings n°194. According to WWF’s report on biodiversity loss, the western cod population decreased by 77% between 2000 and 2023. WWF-Living-Planet-Report-2024-Kurzfassung-dt.pdf. Moreover, climate change also impacts marine species. According to Copernicus Marine Service, heatwaves in the Baltic are increasing in frequency and intensity. https://sp.copernicus.org/articles/4-osr8/16/2024/


(4) - Common Fisheries Policy (Article 2.2) ”The CFP shall apply the precautionary approach to fisheries management, and shall aim to ensure that exploitation of living marine biological resources restores and maintains populations of harvested species above levels which can produce the maximum sustainable yield. In order to reach the objective of progressively restoring and maintaining populations of fish stocks above biomass levels capable of producing maximum sustainable yield, the maximum sustainable yield exploitation rate shall be achieved by 2015 where possible and, on a progressive, incremental basis at the latest by 2020 for all stocks.” REGULATION (EU) No 1380/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 11 December 2013 on the Common Fisheries Policy, amending Council Regulations (EC) No 1954/2003 and (EC) No 1224/2009 and repealing Council Regulations (EC) No 2371/2.


(5) - Multiannual Plans (MAPs) are the main EU fisheries management tools under the Common Fisheries Policy: Regulation (EU) 2016/1139 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2016 establishing a multiannual plan for the stocks of cod, herring and sprat in the Baltic Sea and the fisheries exploiting those stocks, amending Council Regulation (EC) No 2187/2005 and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 1098/2007 


(6) - Advice by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea on the central Baltic herring.

https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/report/Herring_i_Clupea_harengus_i_in_subdivisions_25_29_and_32_excluding_the_Gulf_of_Riga_central_Baltic_Sea_/25019276?backTo=%2Fcollections%2FICES_Advice_2024%2F6976944&file=46738738


(7) -  A recent study has shown that several projections in fisheries management have been overly optimistic: Graham et al. (2024) “Stock assessment models overstate sustainability of the world’s fisheries” Science https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl6282 


(8) - Remote electronic monitoring:

https://www.efca.europa.eu/en/content/remote-electronic-monitoring-rem


 (9) - The advice by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea for 2025 Baltic fishing opportunities: https://www.ices.dk/advice/pages/latest-advice.aspx


(10) - The Baltic Multiannual Plan (MAP) requires setting fishing limits in accordance with ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management for some key species to ensure that negative impacts of fishing activities on the marine ecosystem are minimised:https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016R1139. In September 2024, the European Parliament sent a strong signal to fisheries ministers by refusing to consider a proposal that would have removed the critical safeguard in the Baltic Multiannual Plan. Last year, the fisheries ministers broke both environmental law and fishing regulations by setting TACs for herring in the Baltic Sea despite the risk of the population’s collapse: Environmental organisations appeal to EU court to invalidate fishing quotas due to Baltic herring stocks collapse (ccb.se);  CURIA - Documents (europa.eu)


(11) - The scientific advice provided focuses primarily on individual fish species, without adequately considering the broader ecological context. As a result, the overall health and long term integrity of the Baltic Sea ecosystem have been overlooked. The responsibility for integrating these ecosystem needs into fishing quotas lies with fisheries ministers.


(12) - The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) was adopted last year (2023). The agreement sets targets to be achieved by 2030, where ensuring sustainable management and use of biodiversity for human activities is stated, including for Fisheries (Target 10).



 


By CCB • October 27, 2026
27 October 2026 , Luxembourg - EU fisheries ministers increased central Baltic and Bothnian herring catch limits beyond the European Commission’s proposals and significantly increased the sprat catch limit, falling short of the precaution needed to protect the role of herring and sprat in the Baltic Sea food web. The Council also rejected proposed cuts to accidental catches of severely depleted cod and western Baltic herring populations. NGOs warn that fishing limits remain too high and urge EU ministers to follow the agreement with concrete plans to rebuild depleted fish populations. Herring: further measures needed to safeguard fragile recovery and protect vulnerable populations EU fisheries ministers increased the catch limit for central Baltic herring to 165 228 tonnes, a 71% increase compared with 2026. The population has shown signs of improvement after years of depletion. However, the central Baltic herring population remains vulnerable, and rebuilding must restore healthy age and size structures as well as overall abundance. Although below the scientific headline catch advice, the Council’s decision exceeds the Commission’s proposal, which was more precautionary and recovery-oriented and should have been followed by the ministers. “Ministers have recognised the need for caution, but still allowed more herring to be caught than the Commission proposed. These vulnerable populations need a stronger chance of lasting recovery, with clear rebuilding targets, a timetable for reaching them and measures that are implemented and enforced ,” said Cathrine Pedersen Schirmer, Senior Fisheries Policy Advisor at Coalition Clean Baltic. For Bothnian herring , ministers retained the three-month spawning closure but increased the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) by 12% , despite the population remaining below healthy levels. The Commission’s proposed TAC for this fish population was already a compromise between population rebuilding and maintaining fishing opportunities. The agreed higher TAC poses a risk to the recovery of the Bothnian herring population and creates increasing uncertainty for the industry. “ Fisheries decisions must also account for the risks to fish population recovery. Even catch limits within the ICES advice range can leave stocks at risk of remaining below the biomass levels that should trigger recovery measures. Fishing opportunities must give depleted populations a real chance to recover to healthy level s,” said Beatrice Rindevall, Chairperson of the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation. The Gulf of Riga herring TAC was also set above NGOs’ recommendations, with an increase of 11% compared with 2026, despite the recent decline in its spawning biomass and its importance to the Baltic food web. Lower limits for this fish population would have better supported population health and long-term resilience. Sprat: recovery must extend to the Baltic Sea food web The sprat agreement remains a significant concern. The Council’s decision, in line with the Commission’s proposal, to increase the sprat catch limit by 44% to 291 590 tonnes exceeds the level NGOs recommended. Although the population has increased, the agreed limit does not sufficiently account for sprat’s importance as prey for cod, salmon, seabirds and other marine wildlife, persistent catch misreporting or the risk of catching vulnerable herring alongside sprat. “ Herring and sprat are vital to the Baltic Sea ecosystem. When setting fishing opportunities, decision makers must leave enough prey in the water to support predators like cod and salmon, to rebuild ecosystem health and align with the EU’s nature restoration ambitions ,” said Justyna Zajchowska, Fisheries Lead for WWF Baltic Sea Programme. Salmon: no increase in catch limits, but stronger protection needed NGOs welcome the decision not to increase salmon fishing opportunities. However, fishing should be restricted to compensatory hatchery-released salmon or salmon from rivers where populations are at full reproductive capacity. Fishing on vulnerable wild populations must be avoided and, if returning salmon numbers are insufficient, additional adaptive management measures should be deployed immediately, considering the impact of recent poor spawning runs. “ Good returns to some large rivers are encouraging, but they do not demonstrate recovery across the Baltic region. Many smaller river populations remain in serious difficulty. We need fishing restrictions that protect those vulnerable salmon throughout their migration and allow enough fish to reach their spawning grounds ,” said Thomas Johansson, Chairman of Östersjölaxälvar i Samverkan and Secretary General of the Baltic Salmon Fund. Cod, western Baltic herring and plaice: Council misses opportunity to curb bycatch Both Baltic cod populations and western Baltic herring remain severely depleted. Targeted cod fisheries remain closed, while ministers retained the small-scale fisheries exemption for western Baltic herring. Yet ministers agreed bycatch quotas well above the Commission’s proposals for 2027 and at the same level as 2026, falling short of the protection sought by NGOs. For all three populations, the agreed bycatch quotas permit continued catches despite ICES advice for zero catch. The Council’s decision to increase the plaice TAC to 11,237 tonnes , well above the level NGOs recommended, missed an opportunity to secure a reduction in accidental cod catches. The decision also does not reflect the very low reported landings of this species. Declining weight and condition of plaice also warrant greater caution. The TAC must be combined with effective enforcement of mandatory selective gear to reduce cod bycatch and the implementation of the landing obligation. Annual fishing limits must support lasting recovery The Council’s decisions on Baltic Sea fishing opportunities for 2027 are not ambitious enough to secure restoration of all Baltic Sea fish populations. These decisions should be seen in the context of last year’s joint commitment by the European Commission and Baltic Sea Member States to seek dedicated scientific advice from ICES on rebuilding pathways for fish populations. In the absence of such rebuilding-oriented advice, and whilst we are waiting for it, decisions should be more cautious and based on the available recovery-focused catch options provided by the scientists in their traditional advice. Fisheries management must also support EU marine restoration objectives and the achievement of good environmental status in the Baltic Sea. Restoring fish populations and food webs is essential to the recovery of the sea itself and to the long-term future of Baltic fisheries and the coastal communities that depend on them. ENDS *** Further information: Link to Council decision Link to Commission’s proposal Link to Joint NGO recommendations on Baltic Sea fishing opportunities for 2027 Media contact: Beatrice Rindevall, Chairperson, Swedish Society for Nature Conservation, ordforande@naturskyddsforeningen.se Cathrine Pedersen Schirmer , Senior Fisheries Policy Advisor, Coalition Clean Baltic, Cathrine@ccb.se Justyna Zajchowska , Fisheries Lead, WWF Baltic Sea Programme, jzajchowska@wwf.pl Dr. Katja Hockun, Senior Expert Meeresschutz, Deutsche Umwelthilfe e.V., hockun@duh.de Konrad Stralka , Executive Director, BalticWaters, konrad.stralka@balticwaters.org Magda Jentgena , Baltic Sea and Freshwater Programme Manager, Pasaules Dabas Fonds, mjentgena@pdf.lv Regan McEnroe , Chairperson, Nature and Youth Sweden, ordforande@faltbiologerna.se Tapani Veistola, Executive Director, Suomen luonnonsuojeluliitto (Finnish Association for Nature Conservation), tapani.veistola@sll.fi Thomas Johansson , Chairman, Östersjölaxälvar i Samverkan, and Secretary General, Baltic Salmon Fund, thomas@balticsalmonfund.com .
By CCB • August 31, 2026
Uppsala, 31 August 2026 - Coalition Clean Baltic (CCB) welcomes the Commission’s recognition that declining fishing pressure has not consistently delivered higher biomass, that recruitment and biomass are deteriorating for a number of stocks, and that Baltic fisheries urgently need rebuilding trajectories. These findings must now shape the Council’s decision on the 2027 fishing opportunities and the Commission’s position during the Council negotiations. The poor status and decline of many Baltic Sea fish populations have been documented over several decades and show that the ecosystem is in severe distress. Cumulative human pressures have contributed to major ecosystem shifts, and at the same time climate change is making the shallow, semi-enclosed Baltic Sea warmer and less saline. These combined pressures affect not only fish biomass but also recruitment, population age and size structures, species interactions and the functioning of the wider food web. The Baltic crisis reflects the persistent failure to fully implement the CFP and the Baltic MAP, including their precautionary safeguards and the legal obligation to apply ecosystem-based fisheries management. Fishing opportunities for 2027 must therefore mark the first concrete step towards ambitious, timebound rebuilding trajectories that reduce fishing pressure and enable depleted populations to recover to healthy levels. These trajectories must include implementation of an ecosystem based approach by accounting for species interactions, food-web needs, habitat conditions, environmental and climatic change and scientific uncertainty, while reinforcing, not replacing the CFP’s objectives and the Baltic MAP’s existing safeguards in Art. 4.6. The Commission’s 2027 proposal is now before the Council. The October Council must turn the commitment to rebuild Baltic fish populations into measurable action by adopting fishing opportunities that deliver rapid and sustained recovery. Under no circumstances should the TACs adopted be higher than levels proposed by the European Commission. Fishing opportunities aligned with scientific evidence, legal safeguards and ecosystem needs are the basis for both a recovering Baltic Sea and viable fisheries in the long term. Read the full CCB's submission and recommendations here .