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Confrontation line goes along the Nemunas River
(International seminar: Waterpower plants building plans in Lithuania and Belarus. Possible impact to the environment. 19-24 March, 2004, Alytus, Lithuania)
By Maria Ullsten
We would destroy so much and gain so little! Common action by the environmental movements and scientist in Belarus and Lithuania is needed to save the Neman River from new hydropower plants.
These were the two main conclusions of a seminar arranged by Coalition Clean Baltic about the environmental effects of the current plans to build hundreds of new hydropower stations in the Neman River that runs through Belarus, Lithuania and Russia (Kaliningrad). In Lithuania alone, there are plans to build 170 new hydropower stations, one or two on the Neman itself and many small ones on its tributaries.
- We are about to ruin hundreds of rivers and flood hundreds of square kilometres of land in order to produce only 0,8 percent of Lithuania’s energy consumption, Dr Romualdas Juknys, who is a professor in Environmental sciences, said at the seminar that was held on March 19 and 20.
Behind the recent wave of interest of private Lithuanian companies to get into the hydropower business lies not a sudden interest in clean energy, but a political decision that gives subsidies to renewable energy. Today, electricity produced in a hydropower station can be sold at three times the average price of electricity in Lithuania.
- These companies can make hundreds of thousands of litas (equalling tens of thousands of euro, one euro is worth 3,3 litas) even on the hydropower stations on the small rivers, Dr. Juknys said.
But the most imminent threat to the Neman is not coming from Lithuanian businessmen scrambling to get rich on subsidies. It comes from the undemocratic regime in Lithuania’s neighbouring country Belarus, where this mighty river springs out of the highlands south of the capital Minsk. Here, there are plans to build two hydropower stations, one upstream and one downstream from the town of Grodno close to the Lithuanian border. The construction of the first plant is scheduled to start in April 2004.
- If they build hydropower on the Neman in Grodno, it will effect the entire river. But still it is treated like a national concern; there has been no common action to stop these plans, said environmental journalist Nina Palutskaya who lives in Grodno.
In Lithuania, a private company is currently doing an environmental impact assessment of a plant upstream the town of Alytus, close to the Nemunas Park Hotel where the CCB seminar took place. And in the Russian Kaliningrad district, where the fast flowing river reaches the Baltic Sea, there are plans to build four hydropower stations, though none on the Neman itself.
- The effectiveness of hydropower is miserable in the flat lands along the Neman. It’s very different from a country like Sweden where there is a real relief in the landscape, Dr. Juknus said.
Present at the seminar were also two representatives of the Karolinos HES, the Lithuanian energy company that wants to build the power plant at Alytus. The ongoing environmental impact assessment will determine if they will be allowed to build one 15 meter high dam or two smaller dams, just above five meters high.
- Lithuania needs renewable energy and hydropower is clean, there is no pollution. And since there already is a hydropower plant on the Neman, at Kaunas, the effect would not be so big, said company director Jonas Guzauskas.
Guzauskas pointed to the increase of Russian oil prizes and the EU requirement that member states (which will include Lithuania from May 1, 2004) produce seven percent of its energy with renewable resources as other reasons for building the Alytus hydropower station.
- Oil is a finite resource, one day it will run out. If we want to have economic development we need electricity and this hydropower is the cleanest way to produce it, Mr Guzauskas said.
But professor Juknys did not agree. He pointed out that EU goal of seven percent renewable energy is a recommendation, not a requirement. And that there is other renewable energy sources in Lithuania.
- 60 wind power turbines could easily replace the Alythus power plant. Another 20 turbines would equal the energy produced in all the 170 hydropower stations that are to be built, Dr Juknys said.
Energy produced by the burning of biomass is another alternative source of renewable energy. According to Dr. Juknys’ estimations, it would be possible to produce between three and five percent of Lithuania’s energy need this way, with a far less impact to the environment.
- If we build all these hydropower plants, the Neman will no longer be a river. This powerful river would be converted into a series of dams, connected with channels, said Dr. Vytautas Kesminas who is an expert on fish migration at the ecological institute at the university in the Lithuanian capital Vilnius.
Dr. Kesminas did not buy the argument from the Karolinos company that the Kaunas hydropower station had already damaged the migration patterns of fish in the Neman so much that another plant would not really matter. While it is true that the Baltic wild salmon has been extinct upstream from Kaunas since the plant there was built in the early 1960’s, there are several other species of fish that will get their migration patterns severely impaired by a new hydro power station at Alytus.
- From a biological point of view, the most important effect of a hydropower station at Alytus would be that some fish species would loose their spawning places while other species would benefit. The whole eco system will change, in the river and along its banks, said Dr Kesminas.
The final decision on weather to build or not to build a hydro power station at Alytus will be taken by the Lithuanian parliament. There are still chances to stop the project, as there has been a political discussion on the national level to include the Neman on the list of more than 100 Lithuanian rivers and streams already protected from further hydropower installations. Upstream, in Belarus the decision to build is ultimately made by the president Alexander Lukashenka himself. The lack of democracy in Belarus severely limits the possibility of NGO:s, the public and environmental scientists to protest and stop the plans to harness the powers of the Neman.
- We are doing what we can, but I doubt that we will be able to stop these plans. It would require common action on government level and I don’t see that happening, said Nina Palutskaya from Grodno.
The Belarus government plans to build hydropower on the Neman have been developed despite the work of several experts from the EU that for two years have worked on the EU Tacis Neman project in Belaus. The aim has been to include the Neman within what is called the Water Framework Directive, currently being adopted by Lithuania, Poland and the other countries that are joining the EU this spring. The intention of this EU-directive is to develop a long-term management plan for rivers that are shared between countries. In the case of the Neman, this would require close cooperation between four countries; Belarus, Lithuania, Poland and Russia (Kaliningrad).
But all despite all the arguments herd during nearly 10 hours of lectures and discussion on the banks of the still unregulated Neman river on Friday, March 19, the representative from the Karolinos power company did not admit to changing his mind about the plans.
- In my opinion the plant is necessary, despite any disadvantages to the environment. For instance we are considering increasing the number of turbines to reduce the variation in water levels up- and down stream the hydro power station, said Mr Guzauskas.
Several of the speakers and participants at the seminar also spoke with passion about the cultural and historical values that would be destroyed or damaged by the Alythus hydro power station would have.
- The Neman is to Lithuanians what the Mississippi is to the USA. To destroy the Neman would be to destroy part of our common cultural and historical heritage, said Mindaugas Lapel č who works in the Dzukijos national park in Lithuania.
Lapelč said that the rising of the water level upstream from the Alytus dam would disrupt the life of several villages within the boundaries of the national park that lies on Neman just downstream from where the river crosses the Belarus border.
He showed a picture of how the Neman meanders close to some of the traditional villages today, and another picture of how the same area would be flooded if the power station would be built.
- It’s true that no houses or villages would be set under water. But many fields that are tilled and harvested by some of Europe’s last subsistence farmers will be flooded, Lapelč said.
Lapelč was not the only one that compared the current plans to alter the flow of the Neman to the plans that existed during 50 years of Soviet occupation of Lithuania. Dr Juknys showed a slide of the plans from 1951 when there were plans to build several hydro power stations along the entire stretch of the Neman.
- These plans were drawn up while Stalin himself was still alive. I think that’s why many Lithuanian scientists, including myself, did not take these new plans to do the same thing seriously at first. We simply refused to believe it could be true, that our free government was actually considering completing Stalin’s plan.
Besides all ecological and environmental arguments against the hydro power station, there are also legal questions. According to Lithuanian law, it is forbidden to change the water level in protected areas.
- That’ should be our last resort. To challenge the building of these hydropower stations in court, Dr Juknys said.
And then there was a very emotional appeal made by Gintaras Bjuakauskas, who lives in Alytus.
- The citizens of Alytus are against the hydropowerplant, because we‘ve know for a long time that the harm made by hydropower to nature and to the people that live in the surroundings is hundreds times bigger then the use they bring, Mr Bjuakauskas said, reading up a statement at the end of the seminar.
Also present at the seminar was Virginya Kereviciene, a chemistry teacher at the Alythys secondary school.
- The people around here have all grown up fishing, swiming and canoeing on the Neman. We are afraid a dam that would flood a large area will change the river forever, said Kereviciene.
Kereviciene is one of the teachers that wrote an appeal to the president and to the government not to build the hydropower station, signed by some 300 students.
- Everybody signed, no one refuesed. But we have not gotten an answer, Kereviciene said.
There were also suggestions of how the Neman could be saved.
- All NGO:s and the scientific community must unite in this struggle. We should make joint appeals to the government of Lithuania to include the Neman on the list of rivers protected from hydropower development. We should also consider establishing a fund for protection of the Neman. And lastly, if nothing else helps, we must appeal to the courts. After all, it is already forbidden by law to alter water levels within a national park and that would be th result of the hydropower station in Alytus, Dr. Juknys concluded.
Before the seminar ended, Dr. Juknys was commissioned to write such an appeal. It will be signed by some of the scientists and members of the environmental NGO:s present at the seminar and adressed to the governments of Lithuania, Belarus and the regional administration in Kaliningrad.
The appeal is a strong pledge to forbid the building of any hydro power stations on the Neman river and its tributaries, as this would destroy the Neman and only contribute marginally to national electricity production. Instead, the governments of Lithuania and Belarus must be forced to cooperate to protect the Neman from both hydro power and contamination. And EU should help finance development of other renewable energy sources, like wind and bio fuel.
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